How much oranger do red orange bags make oranges look?

That's a good question, and I could easily see the camera settings (and the light) being a source of error here. Naively, I used the default iPhone camera with the same exposure for each one, then ended up manually removing some of the HDR settings from each one when they were showing up as way overexposed on my computer. Not exactly an advanced, scientific technique, and there was also a bright source of soft white light from the window next to the setup, which could have thrown off the automatic exposure.

Another comment mentioned it, but I wonder if the overall effect would be more visible with yellower baseline oranges (or, as you mention, pale lemons and limes). Really interesting about the LEDs underperforming as well!

Visualizing my strengths and areas for growth with RPG radar charts

Taking another look, I think you're right! Particularly since the first orange is pretty orange already. I think the first example would have been better served with a yellower, less ripe orange to highlight the difference and the pull in the redder, riper direction from the bag.

Science, the Endless Frontier (1945) [pdf]