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That's too long a story for an HN comment (which is the reason I referred you to an entire field of study) but the TL;DR is that the only reason we have to believe that minds exist at all is the I/O behavior of things that purport to have them (i.e. people) and that I/O behavior can (as far as we can tell) be completely accounted for the the behavior of neurons, which can be completely accounted for by chemistry.
> Replace the person with a powerful CPU.
That completely eviscerates the experiment. The whole point of the Chinese Room is that there is a conscious person inside who does not speak Chinese. Without that, the Chinese Room is just a run-of-the-mill AI.
> Showing that it is not a philosophical zombie would call for some conclusive evidence showing that the phenomenon of consciousness is caused by whatever entities feature in models from today’s natural sciences—so that manipulating them in a particular way is enough to cause consciousness to magically arise.
Where is your "conclusive evidence" that this "phenomenon of consciousness" actually exists?
If an AI exhibits I/O behavior that is indistinguishable from a human (i.e. can pass the Turing test) then on what basis can you call one a "philosophical zombie" and not the other?
> they always strike me as inelegant and needlessly contrived
What is your alternative?
The TL;DR is that this paper claims to have found evidence for quantum effects in microtubules, lending credence to (though by no means providing proof of) Roger Penrose's theory that consciousness is a quantum phenomenon.
There's a pretty well established definition:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural
> It sounds like you are using it to mean "a supernatural phenomena is one which cannot be explained by the current scientific models".
Yes, that's close enough.
> In this case, by definition the scientific method cannot support supernatural explanations.
Wrong, because in the first case you included the word "current" and in the second you didn't.
The reason that the supernatural is what it is today is because no observations require it as an explanation. But that could change at any time.
> I would argue that the vast majority of working scientists are naturalists - they accept something as being scientific only if it can be observed, measured, tested etc... .
The scientific method is to come up with the best explanation that accounts for all observations [1]. Things that are not observed need not be accounted for.
[1] https://blog.rongarret.info/2024/03/a-clean-sheet-introducti...